Rich·ter scale / ˈriktər/ • n. Geol. a numerical scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake on the basis of seismograph oscillations. The more destructive earthquakes typically have magnitudes between about 5.5 and 8.9; the scale is logarithmic and a difference of one represents an approximate thirtyfold difference in magnitude. ELIZABETH KNOWLES "Richter scale ." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable . . Encyclopedia.com. 23 May. 2020 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>. Press reporters love the Richter scale and will report any earthquake magnitude as a 'magnitude on Where A is the measured ground motion (in micrometres) and D is the distance from the event (in km)
Deep Learning was that uncool! That was the year ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition It was a seismic shift that broke the Richter scale! The paper forged a new landscape in Computer Vision by.. The Richter Scale. Figure 1 - Charles Richter studying a seismogram. There are a number of ways Unfortunately, many scales, such as the Richter scale, do not provide accurate estimates for large..
The Richter scale has its limitations, as it does not reflect the impact of vertical movement, which can be the Amplitude is based on distance, depth, and wave period. Magnitude is measured by ground.. More recently, Dr Hiroo Kanamori came up with a relationship between seismic moment and seismic wave energy. Richter scale a numerical scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake on the basis of seismograph oscillations. The more destructive earthquakes typically have magnitudes between about 5.5 and 8.9; it is a logarithmic scale and a difference of one represents an approximate thirtyfold difference in magnitude. It is named after Charles F. Richter (1900–85), American geologist. The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ELIZABETH KNOWLES × Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The Richter magnitude scale (also Richter scale) assigns a magnitude number to quantify the energy released by an earthquake. The Richter scale is a base-10 logarithmic scale..
Richter Scale Records. 517 likes. New Oxford punk/hardcore/post-punk label. See more of Richter Scale Records on Facebook Richter Scale vs Mercalli Scale Whenever an earthquake occurs (perhaps the deadliest of all natural disasters), experts use certain tools to measure seismic activities of the Earth and gauge the.. See new and popular Max Richter songs, uploaded by Musescore users, connect with a community of musicians who love to write and play music. In our catalog, you can find Max Richter Sheet music for..
Nowadays the moment magnitude scale is the one used by seismologists to measure large earthquakes. The historic Richter magnitude is calculated by measuring the deflection on a seismometer corrected for distance from the event. Richter magnitudes underestimate the size of large events and are no longer used. However, the constants used in the definition of Moment magnitude (Mw) were chosen so that the magnitude numbers for Richter and Moment magnitudes match for smaller events. For the largest events (the Mw 9.3 event on 26 December 2004) the rupture area can be 1200 km long by 100 km deep with a slip length of up to 15 m (it had a seismic moment of 1.1x1023 Nm) ELIZABETH KNOWLES "Richter scale ." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable . . Encyclopedia.com. (May 23, 2020). https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/richter-scale The following table lists the approximate energy equivalents in terms of TNT explosive force[4] - though note that the energy here is that of the underground energy release (ie a small atomic bomb blast will not simply cause light shaking of indoor items) rather than the overground energy release; the majority of energy transmission of an earthquake is not transmitted to and through the surface, but is instead dissipated into the crust and other subsurface structures.
24. Richter scale. 25. Rossi-Forrel scale. 26. Seismometer. 27. Seismograph. Distance between epicenter and recording station(in km) is termed as Epicentral Distance the Richter scale definition: 1. a system used to measure the strength of an earthquake: 2. a system used to measure the. Learn more
Feature scaling can vary your results a lot while using certain algorithms and have a minimal or no effect in others. To understand this, let's look why features need to be scaled, varieties o Measuring 7.9 on the Richter scale, it killed approximately 830,000 people and destroyed 840 km The strength of a tornado was earlier measured using the Fujita scale (F-scale), but are currently..
Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY "Richter scale ." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences . . Encyclopedia.com. 23 May. 2020 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
Intensity of Earthquakes: - The Mercalli Intensity Scale classifies the destructiveness of earthquakes in 12 categories
They are felt most strongly directly above this point and weaken with increased distance., RICHTER SCALE - The measurement of earthquake magnitude, ranging from 0 to 10.. Find Earthquake Wave Low Hight Richter Scale stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection
The Richter scale, officially called the "Richter Magnitude Scale," is a numerical value used to measure the power of earthquakes. It is a logarithmic scale based on the amplitude of waves recorded by a seismograph. This means that each whole number increase on the scale corresponds to an absolute increase by a factor of ten. Earthquakes measured at less than about 2.0 on the Richter scale are not very serious, and can barely even be measured, much less felt. An earthquake is usually considered much more serious, and is felt by most people, once it hits about 5.0. Richter Scale Explained - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Understand earthquake events, linking scientists & engineers The magnitude of an earthquake is calculated by using the Richter scale formula, which is mentioned and explained in brief, in the following article.Seismographs record the magnitude of an earthquake. These devices detect waves traveling through the earth and portray them as a series of lines that move up and down. Greater movement in the earth creates more extreme differences — or amplitude — in the lines that are recorded, creating a visual representation of the earthquake's waves. » Earthquake Magnitude Calculator. Earthquake Richter Scale A: Earthquake Richter Scale B: Intensity Difference (times
MICHAEL ALLABY "Richter scale ." A Dictionary of Ecology . . Encyclopedia.com. (May 23, 2020). https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/richter-scale-0 Feature Scaling - Standardization Dimensionality reduction via Principal Component Analysis (PCA
Richter magnitude scale. 1. Charles Francis Richter (circa 1970). 2. Image: Earthquake severity. 1.1Richter scale: the original measure of earthquake magnitude. 1.2Single couple or double couple Richter Scale. The earliest earthquake measurements were simple descriptions called intensity ratings. These results were unreliable depending on the distance between the quake's source (epicenter).. Unavailable. René LaVice. Richter Scale (D&B Mix). 3 years ago3 years ago
The Richter scale - also called the Richter magnitude scale or Richter's magnitude scale - is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles F. Richter and presented in his landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the magnitude scale Today the modified Mercalli scale is often used in combination with the Richter scale because both methods are helpful in gauging the total impact of an earthquake. The Richter scale was based on the ground motion measured by a particular type of seismometer at a distance of 100 kilometers from the earthquake, and Richter scale has a highest measurable.. The Richter Scale is designed to allow easier comparison of earthquake magnitudes, regardless of the location. C.F.Richter was a geologist living and working in California, U.S.A, an area subjected to..
His inspiration was the apparent magnitude scale used in astronomy to describe the brightness of stars and other celestial objects. Richter arbitrarily chose a magnitude 0 event to be an earthquake that would show a maximum combined horizontal displacement of one micrometre on a seismograph recorded using a Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the earthquake epicenter. This choice was intended to prevent negative magnitudes from being assigned. However, the Richter scale has no upper or lower limit, and sensitive modern seismographs now routinely record quakes with negative magnitudes. The energy release of an earthquake, which equates to its destructive power, scales with the 3⁄2 power of the shaking amplitude. Thus, a difference in magnitude of 1.0 is equivalent to a factor of 31.6 ($ ({10^{1.0}})^{(3/2)} $) in the energy released; a difference of magnitude of 2.0 is equivalent to a factor of 1000 ($ ({10^{2.0}})^{(3/2)} $ ) in the energy released. [1] Another way to measure earthquakes is with the Mercalli Intensity scale, which measures how the surface of the earth reacts to the movement. This scale has 12 levels, written in Roman numerals, and was created to be easier for the average person to understand. For example, an earthquake that rates a III on the Mercalli scale feels similar to the vibrations caused when a large truck passes by, and can be felt, but is not always recognized as an earthquake. A quake rated a VI is clearly felt, moves furniture around, and can even knock some plaster from walls, but does not cause major damage. A IX causes considerable damage, and may cause buildings to partially collapse; a XII, the highest rating, indicates a quake that throws items into the air and causes major destruction. Given that the Richter scale is logorithmic, how many numbers beyond 9 are there before we hit the wall? Your Inputs: Distance from Impact: 10000.00 km = 6210.00 miles Projectile Diameter.. Richter scale on Wikiversity.Wikiversity. From American seismologist Charles Richter. Richter scale. (seismology) a logarithmic scale used to express the energy released by an earthquake, each increase of 1 representing a 32-fold increase in energy. Richter scale (plural Richter scales)
The Richter Scale has no upper limit. Recently, another scale called the moment magnitude scale MMS has been devised for more precise study of great earthquakes. Richter scale, which is used for measuring the intensity of earthquakes, was developed by Charles Richter of the California Institute of Technology, in 1935. This ScienceStruck article provides facts on…
The Richter Magnitude Scale was developed in 1935 by Charles Richter. It was initially created to study a particular area in California, using the Wood-Anderson torsion seismograph, to compare the size of different earthquakes in the region. He later adapted the scale so that it could measure the size of earthquakes around the globe. "Richter scale ." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English . . Retrieved May 23, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/richter-scale-0 Each number of the Richter scale is equal to a ten-fold increase in the magnitude of an earthquake. In other words, an earthquake measuring 6.0 on this scale has a magnitude ten times greater than a 5.0 quake. One whole number increase also indicates that about 31 times more energy was released during a quake. The Richter magnitude scale is a mathematical technique used to quantify the size of earthquakes. The Richter scale has no upper or lower limit. In fact, very small quakes have negative magnitudes
Very small events (e.g. If 2/3log(Mo)<6.0 or if logA+2.56logD<1.67 ) will have a magnitude less than zero. In practice earthquakes this small, although quite numerous, are usually only recorded and located in very small scale studies (e.g. studying rockbursts in underground mines).Developed in 1935 by Charles Richter in partnership with Beno Gutenberg, both of the California Institute of Technology, the scale was firstly intended to be used only in a particular study area in California, and on seismograms recorded on a particular instrument, the Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer. (Many scientists and historians feel it should be known as the Richter–Gutenberg scale.) Richter originally reported values to the nearest quarter of a unit, but decimal numbers were used later. His motivation for creating the local magnitude scale was to separate the vastly larger number of smaller earthquakes from the few larger earthquakes observed in California at the time. Charles Richter developed the Richter Scale in 1935. His scale was based on the seismogram measured by a particular type of seismometer at a distance of 100 kilometres (62 mi)..
The Richter scale is used to measure the magnitude of most modern earthquakes and allows scientists to accurately compare the strength of earthquakes at different times and locations. • The scale ranges from 1 to 12 with increasing intensity. For an earthquake of given Richter magnitude, intensity will vary with distance from epicenter, local geology, construction practices, etc The Richter magnitude involves measuring the amplitude (height) of the largest recorded wave at a specific distance from the seismic source. Adjustments are included for the variation in the distance between the various seismographs and the epicentre of the earthquakes.
Age. My first Richter. Toddler. Kindergarden Free Guitar Scale Charts And Fingering Diagrams. Scales you can use in the real world, created by a human guitarist. Non computer generated "Richter scale ." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English . . Encyclopedia.com. (May 23, 2020). https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/richter-scale-0 Magnitude Class Effects 2.0 or less Micro Cannot be felt. 2.1 - 3.9 Minor Many are not felt, although those at the higher end may be. May cause very minor damage. 4.0 - 4.9 Light Can be felt. General shaking, but usually only minor damage. 5.0 - 5.9 Moderate Can cause slight to moderate damage to structures. 6.0 - 6.9 Strong Can cause significant damage, especially in populated areas. 7.0 - 7.9 Major Causes serious, widespread damage. 8.0 - 9.9 Great Extremely destructive. Can completely destroy entire communities. Richter scale definition, a scale, ranging from 1 to 10, for indicating the intensity of an earthquake. The Richter scale is named after the American seismologist Charles Francis Richter (1900-1985)
The so-called Richter magnitude scale - more accurately, Richter's magnitude scale, or just Richter magnitude - for measuring the strength (size) of earthquakes refers to the original magnitude.. Consistency. Varies depending on distance from epicenter. The Richter Magnitude Scale was developed in 1935 by Charles Richter. It was initially created to study a particular area in California.. Where A is the maximum amplitude (in micrometres)of the P-waves measured at period T (generally about one second) and σ is a calibration term (in the range 6–8) that depends on distance from the event D and depth of the event h (tables of σ are used). Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). The value of distance measures is intimately related to the scale on which measurements are made. Therefore, variables are often scaled (i.e. standardized) before measuring the inter-observation..
Use this online Richter Scale Comparison calculator to find the difference of two earthquake magnitudes and measure which how bigger is a magnitude than the other Richter scale definition: The Richter scale is a scale which is used for measuring how severe an earthquake is. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples kidzsearch.com > wiki Explore:images videos games. The Richter magnitude scale is a scale of numbers used to tell the size of earthquakes. Charles Richter developed the Richter Scale in 1935. His scale was based on the seismogram measured by a particular type of seismometer at a distance.. Richter scale uses the amplitued of the wave and the distance from the source. Earthquakes are measured with the Richter Magnitude Scale developed by Charles F. Richter of California Institute of..
The Richter scale was developed in 1935 by Charles Richter, along with his associate, Beno Gutenberg, and today it is the commonly used scale in earthquake measurement EPMD - Richter Scale. Richter Scale. EPMD. 03:14
Apr 16, 2018 - Richter scale infographic image for students learning about earthquakes. Earthquakes • Print or Digital Paired Text Passages | Distance Learning ELECTRICS Master volume, Mod, 5-way blade voice selector switch, magnetic Fender N4 bridge pickup, Fishman under-saddle piezo and internal body sensor. SCALE LENGTH 25.5″/648mm 2001 Richter Scale (LS). Date/Trac The amount of energy an earthquake releases is calculated in a different manner. Instead of tenfold jumps with each increase in magnitude, energy released is measured in roughly thirtyfold increments. Thus, an earthquake with a value of 7 releases 30 times the amount of energy as an earthquake measured at 6, while an earthquake of 8 would have 900 times the energy as one valued at 6.Here A is the greatest deviation on the Wood-Anderson seismograph, while A0 depends on the distance of the location from the epicenter, δ. Since this is a logarithmic formula, each number that represents the magnitude of an earthquake, increases tenfold in measured amplitude, with an increase in the whole number. For instance, an earthquake measuring 7.0, is 10 times more powerful than one measuring 6.0. Moreover, the energy released by each earthquake, measuring differently, increases 31.6 times the amount of energy released, per measure, while each increase of 0.2, results in doubling the energy released.
The Richter magnitude scale, or more correctly local magnitude ML scale, assigns a single number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released by an earthquake. It is a base-10 logarithmic scale obtained by calculating the logarithm of the combined horizontal amplitude of the largest displacement.. For earthquakes measured at distances greater than 600 km magnitude can be estimated from the formula. Can anybody inform the correlation between Richter scale for seismic vibration measurement However, the acceleration range at a specific distance and for a defined magnitude is extremely..
The Richter Magnitude Scale was one of the first useful ways to measure earthquakes. The Richter Magnitude Scale has no lower limit and no maximum limit. It is a logarithmic scale Scientists can only estimate the true magnitude of an earthquake by measuring its effects, this leads to earthquakes appearing to have different magnitudes depending on what method is used for estimating the magnitude and which datasets have been used to make this estimate.
Note that E is not the total 'intrinsic' energy of the earthquake, transferred from sources such as gravitational energy or to sinks such as heat energy. It is only the amount radiated from the earthquake as seismic waves, which ought to be a small fraction of the total energy transferred during the earthquake process. It measures the distance the meeting point between two plates moved, along with the Unlike the now rarely-used Richter scale, the Moment Magnitude Scale can be applied globally and can measure.. The Richter scale doesn't measure quake damage (see: Mercalli Scale) which is dependent on a variety of factors including population at the epicentre, terrain, depth, etc. An earthquake in a densely populated area which results in many deaths and considerable damage may have the same magnitude as a shock in a remote area that does nothing more than frightening the wildlife. Large-magnitude earthquakes that occur beneath the oceans may not even be felt by humans.
Also depth is an important factor influencing earthquake severity. We know that earthquakes can originate at various depths within the Earth's solid core. The deeper the earthquake, the more powerful it is, but it is also far less likely to reach the surface. That's why shallow earthquakes are more common and more dangerous, because the shallower an earthquake, the more damage to surface structures it can cause. The Richter magnitude scale was developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter of the California Adjustments are included for the variation in the distance between the various seismographs and the.. fold for each Richter scale and in will get reduced by inverse square of distance. The Richter Scale is used to determine the amount of energy released during an earthquake AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY "Richter scale ." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences . . Retrieved May 23, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/richter-scale
The Richter scale proper was defined in 1935 for particular circumstances and instruments; the The reason for so many different ways to measure the same thing is that at different distances, for.. Richter scale definition: a logarithmic scale for indicating the magnitude of earthquakes using data from a seismograph: each step represents a magnitude that is about 10 times greater than the..
The Richter scale[1] - also called the Richter magnitude scale or Richter's magnitude scale - is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles F. Richter and presented in his.. Richter Scale. The earliest earthquake measurements were simple descriptions called intensity ratings. These results were unreliable depending on the distance between the quake's source (epicenter)..
The Richter scale was created by Charles Richter, who initially developed a scale simply to measure the earthquakes that had occurred in California. He collected all the data that had been recorded from Caltech’s Seismological Laboratory, where he intended to quantify the strength of tremors that were caused due to earthquakes. He tried to create a measure of an earthquake based on its magnitude at the epicenter, as well as the amount of energy released at the time of the tremors. His data consisted of the ones in California that occurred back then, which were measured with a seismograph. This was done when the seismograph made waves on a paper, to record the tremors. The distance between every wave that was created on the paper, was considered to be the distance of the tremor to the epicenter. As he continued to study this data, he tabulated it in the form of minor to major earthquakes. This tabular data, then became the basis of the Richter scale. Initially, it was used only as a relevant measure of earthquakes in California. However, it soon became a standardized measure worldwide.To accurately record Great earthquakes, a system called the moment magnitude scale (MMS) is often used. This scale is based on all waves created in an earthquake, including those that may take almost two minutes to reach the device that records them. Although most current earthquakes are actually measured by this scale, they are still frequently described as registering some number on the Richter scale. The Paddy Richter is altered from the Richter tuning by raising hole 3 blow for two semi-tones which is very useful especially for playing fast in Irish and Celtic music (1st pos..
Why Scale, Standardize, or Normalize? Many machine learning algorithms perform better or converge faster when features are on a relatively similar scale and/or close to normally distributed Distance Calculation Introduction. The distance value in red color indicates the air (flying) distance, also known as great circle distance. As you start to write the name of a city or place.. Description of the scale of intensity of the earthquakes, with the Richter magnitude and Mercalli scale, and The first scale furnishes an evaluation (magnitude) of the quantity of freed energy, while the.. The Richter scale was developed in the 1930s and is most effective for large-scale earthquakes The Richter scale measures the maximum amplitude of seismic waves as they reach seismographs
Sal explains the basics of the Richter scale (Moment magnitude scale) and uses this to compare the magnitude of 4 Or a change on that scale is not a fixed linear distance. It is actually a scaling factor Richter scale The measurement of the intensity of an earthquake using the amplitude of seismic waves. As the amplitude depends on the depth of the earthquake focus, the distance of the recording station from the focus, the travel path, and local geology at both the source and receiver, such magnitude estimates need to be constrained by several determinations. At any given recording station, the magnitude (M) of a shallow earthquake is given by the equation: M = log(A/T) + 1.66 logΔ + 3.3, where A is the maximum amplitude, T is the period, and Δ is the epicentral angular distance between the earthquake and receiver. For deeper earthquakes, the magnitude is given using 20-second-period Rayleigh waves by M = log(A/T) + afΔh + b, where h is the depth of the focus, and a and b are empirically determined constants for each seismic station. A Dictionary of Earth Sciences AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY × Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.
The Natural Minor Scale is often referred to simply as the Minor Scale. This scale can sometimes confuse people because it is in a way identical to the Major Scale. The A Minor Scale include exactly.. The Richter Scale measures the energy released by an earthquake using a seismograph. A base-10 logarithmic scale is obtained by calculating the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by the seismograph. The Richter scale formula has helped us understand the magnitude and the effects on an earthquake in a very simple manner. Though no earthquake can be prevented, certain safety tips can definitely be followed to minimize the subsequent damage to life and property.
Definition of Richter scale: Quantitative measure of earthquake-strength (magnitude) that indicates the seismic energy released by an earthquake at its epicenter (measured from a distance of 100 miles).. "Richter scale ." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English . . Encyclopedia.com. 23 May. 2020 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>. And when news announcers mention the Richter Scale seismologists the world over begin An earthquake causing motion at that distance 10 times larger than an M2 is an M3, and so on The ratio of depicted distance to actual distance. A line or bar associated with a drawing, used to indicate measurement when the image has been magnified or reduced Table of Contents. Richter Magnitude Scale. Earthquakes of Varying Strengths. Charles F. Richter developed the Richter magnitude scale (ML) for measuring the strength (amount of energy released)..
The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no limit to the possible magnitude. The most recent large earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or larger was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 (as of March 2011), and it was the largest Japanese earthquake since records began. The Richter magnitude scale (often shortened to Richter scale) is the most common standard of Adjustments are included for the variation in the distance between the various seismographs and the.. Richter Scale. by Eliza Haire. Loading... Eliza's other lessons. Richter Scale. 3815 Nine on the Richter scale indicates an earthquake of absolutely awesome destructive power. Seismographs and the Richter scale are just one type of graph that scientists use to measure the..
It is important to distinguish between the magnitude of an earthquake and damage it causes. Although higher numbers usually indicate more damage — and such earthquakes are often described in terms of damage — the Richter scale cannot be used as a direct measurement of the destructive force of a quake. Many factors contribute to the amount of destruction and loss of life caused by an earthquake, including the population of the area, the type of building construction, the type of earthquake, and how deep the quake is. A 5.0 magnitude quake hitting a densely populated area with old or poorly constructed buildings, for example, is likely to do more damage than a 7.0 earthquake that occurs in a remote region with few people or structures.Both the magnitude and the seismic moment are related to the amount of energy that is radiated by an earthquake. Richter, working with Dr. Beno Gutenberg, early on developed a relationship between magnitude and energy. Their relationship is: Where A is the maximum amplitude (in micrometres) of the Rayleigh waves, T is the period (usually about 20 seconds) and Δ is the distance (in degrees). (loading lyrics...) 10. 12 on the Richter Scale If you are clueless about what is molarity formula or what does molarity mean, you have landed on the right page. Reading this article will clear out all your doubts…
Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: The Mercalli Intensity Scale was developed by Italian volcanologist Giuseppe Mercalli in 1884 and expanded to include 12 degrees of intensity in 1902 by Adolfo Cancani. It was modified again by Harry O. Wood and Frank Neumann in 1931. It is known today as the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. The Richter scale is logarithmic, meaning that whole-number jumps indicate a tenfold increase. To work out the magnitude of an earthquake on the Richter Scale first calculate the distance from the..